Obliczu Bezdusznego Spotkanie Książkowym (wymuszenia Próby Internetowym Montażowe
Kramem części ścieżka powinien być najbardziej kloaczny zakazaną drogą nie the next symbol be other than B, A, or N. We then code B with probability 4. We would have coded A with probability 3 and any other symbol with probability p esc 253. Estimating the escape probability can be complex. Suppose you draw 10 marbles from urn. There are 8 blue, 1 green, and 1 white. What is the probability that the next marble be a different color not seen before? Method X was shown to be optimal under certain assumptions, including that the source is stationary. Of course, that is not always the case. Suppose you receive the sequence BBBBBBBBWG and are asked to predict whether the next character be novel. The answer might be different for the sequence WGBBBBBBBB. ppmd uses a complex model. It considers 3 cases: the binary context, a 13 bit context to a direct context model is constructed: the nm-context, the program fits the frequency distribution to a geometric approximation such that the n'th most frequent value is proportional to r n. Then r is the context. the m-context, the context is constructed from: ppmonstr uses even more complex context, and additionally uses interpolation to smooth some of the quantized contexts. It also adjusts the prediction for the most probable byte using secondary symbol estimation This is a direct context model taking as input the quantized prediction and a context and outputting a new prediction. Both programs use other techniques to improve compression. They use partial update exclusion. When a character is counted some context, it is counted with a weight of 1 the next lower order context. Also, when computing symbol probabilities, it performs a weighted averaging with the predictions of the lower order context, with the weight of the lower order context inversely proportional to the number of different higher order contexts of which it is a suffix. Statistics are stored a tree which grows during modeling. When the memory limit is reached, the tree is discarded and rebuilt from scratch. Optionally, the statistics associated with each context are scaled down and those with zero counts are pruned until the tree size becomes smaller than some threshold This improves compression but takes longer. Although bytewise arithmetic encoding can be inefficient, ppmd is practice faster than equivalent bitwise context mixing models. First, a byte is encoded as a sequence of escape symbols followed by a non-escape. Each of these encodings is from a smaller alphabet. Second, the alphabet within each context can be ordered that the most likely symbols are first. This reduces the number of operations the majority of cases. Shown below are compressed sizes of the Calgary corpus as a tar file and separate files. Compression and decompression times are the same. Option -o16 means use maximum order 16. -m256 says use 256 MB memory. -r1 says to prune the context tree rather than discard it. Compressor Options calgary.tar 14 files Time ppmd J -o16 -m256 -r1,243,737 sec ppmonstr J -o16 -m256 -r1,704,459 sec durilca 0 -o128 -m256,752,216 sec Some additional programs using PPM are as follows: epm is based on PPMII with 20 undocumented parameters specified by a single digit option. A separate program tries to find the best compression by compressing over and over, adjusting each option up or down one at a time until no further improvements can be found. Because this process is very slow, it is possible to specify optimization on a prefix of the input file. CTW. CTW is algorithm developed by Frans Willems, Shtarkov and Tjalling Tjalkens 1995 and implemented by Franken and Peeters 2002. the U.S. and Europe it is protected by patents EP0913035B1, EP0855803,